4.28 Billion Year Old Rock
Researchers in Canada have found 4.28 billion year old rocks, probably the world’s oldest, and which may be remnants of a portion of the first crust that formed at the surface of our planet, known as the primordial crust.The ancient rocks were found in Northern Quebec, along the Hudson’s Bay coast, 40 km south of Inukjuak in an area known as the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt.The researchers who made the discovery estimated the age of the terrestrial rocks using isotopic dating, which analyzes the decay of the radioactive element, neodymium-142, contained within them, a technique that can only be used to date rocks roughly 4.1 billion years old or older.The Earth is 4.6 billion years old, and remnants of its early crust are extremely rare - most of it has been mashed and recycled into Earth’s interior several times over by plate tectonics since the Earth formed.The discovery team included McGill University earth scientists, Jonathan O’Neil and Don Francis teamed up with Richard W. Carlson, a researcher at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C., and Ross K. Stevenson, a professor at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM).The discovery, whose results are published in the September 26 issue of the journal Science, pushes back age of most ancient remnant of Earth’s crust by 300 million years, according to the researchers.O’Neil said: “Our discovery not only opens the door to further unlock the secrets of the Earth’s beginnings. Geologists now have a new playground to explore how and when life began, what the atmosphere may have looked like, and when the first continent formed.”
How is the creationist museum going to spin this one?
Too True

From here.
Watching Wind
Found the video on Geeks are Sexy.
Hirsute
Hirsute from A.J. Bond on Vimeo.
Synopsis: A young time traveler is confronted by an arrogant and hairless future version of himself. The award-winning short film written and directed by A.J. Bond, produced and shot by Amy Belling. www.thesiblings.ca
SNP Guru
Original location is here.
Swine Flu Map
View H1N1 Swine Flu in a larger map
Pretty cool and it will be interesting to watch as the disease progresses around the world.
Key:
- Pink markers are suspect
- Purple markers are confirmed
- Deaths lack a dot in marker
- Yellow markers are negative
Show me the money.
Obama promises major investment in science
By RANDOLPH E. SCHMID
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama promised a new era of science and technology for the nation, telling the National Academy of Sciences on Monday that he wants to devote more funds to research and development.America has fallen behind other countries in science, Obama said.
"I believe it is not in our character, American character, to follow — but to lead. And it is time for us to lead once again. I am here today to set this goal: we will devote more than 3 percent of our gross domestic product to research and development," Obama said in a speech at the annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.
That 3 percent would amount to about $420 billion.
"We will not just meet but we will exceed the level achieved at the height of the space race," he said.That pursuit of discovery a half century ago fueled the nation's prosperity and success, Obama told the academy."The commitment I am making today will fuel our success for another 50 years," he said. "This work begins with an historic commitment to basic science and applied research."
And he set forth a wish list including solar cells as cheap as paint; green buildings that produce all the energy they consume; learning software as effective as a personal tutor; prosthetics so advanced that you could play the piano again and "an expansion of the frontiers of human knowledge about ourselves and world the around us.'"We can do this," Obama said to applause.
In recent years, he said, "scientific integrity has been undermined and scientific research politicized in an effort to advance predetermined ideological agendas."
He then drew chuckles, commenting: "I want to be sure that facts are driving scientific decisions, not the other way around," Obama said.
"At such a difficult moment, there are those who say we cannot afford to invest in science, that support for research is somehow a luxury at a moment defined by necessities. I fundamentally disagree," Obama said.
"Science is more essential for our prosperity, our security, our health, our environment, and our quality of life than it has ever been," he said.
Obama said he plans to double the budget of key science agencies over a decade, including the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Institutes of Standards and Technology.He also announced the launch of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. It is a new Department of Energy organization modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, that led in development of the Internet, stealth aircraft and other technological breakthroughs.
And he said the Energy Department and the National Science Foundation will offer programs and scholarships to encourage American students to pursue careers in science, engineering and business related to clean energy.
Copyright © 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
I could not agree more Mr. President.
Article can be found here.
Complete speech can be found here.
Scientific-ish Approach to Keeping a Girlfriend

I have no idea where I found this, but if anyone knows who to give credit to please let me know and I will do so!
G T C A
Well done Bio-Rad, well done.
Link to other Bio-Rad videos.
Uh Oh!
Los Angeles (CA) - A study from Ohio State University, based on a study of 219 students, suggests that the more you use Facebook, the less you study, and the worse your grades get. However, the report’s author does say the report only shows a possible connection between Facebook use and lower performance in your studies. Sure, we all know the truth: Facebook makes you dumb, among other things.
If you use Facebook, you are probably driven by the inane status updates that spew out of your friends across your pages. The joy of a muffin, the pictures of a party where everyone got drunk and dressed up like a slutty leprechaun, and the obligatory question that hopes to solicit a comment because you want to make sure someone in your network is reading your pathetic attempts at making the minutiae of your existence seem interesting. It is the equivalent of Vogon poetry, odes to green putty found in one’s arm putty. It makes you read stupid things, write stupid things, and think stupid thoughts. Unfortunately, the Ohio State University report did not go that far.
It says that 65% of students checked Facebook once a day, some more than that, and that they spent at least an hour a day on the site. Interestingly enough, 79% of the Facebook users felt that using the site had no impact on their work. The real difference is grades?
“It is the equivalent of the difference between getting an A and a B.” Said Aryn Karpinski, the researcher at Ohio State who quizzed 219 students for his study.
Original story.
Better than the iPhone?
Watch out grad. students...
Robot scientists can think for themselves.
I immediately thought, “There are robot scientists?” I then collapsed into an inner monologue that centered on the fact that there are robot scientists that I didn’t know about and wondering which of the many scientists I have met over the years were indeed robots. Don’t get me wrong, I am not very surprised. I mean, have you met many scientists? It makes sense. I was more intrigued that this fact had made it to the popular media and the cover was about to be blown off the entire thing.
Obviously, I clicked through. The results scared me more than robot scientists did, which for the record, they do not.
Some

Two teams of researchers said on Thursday they had created machines that could reason, formulate theories and discover scientific knowledge on their own, marking a major advance in the field of artificial intelligence.
What the hell? Isn’t this what I have been doing for the last 19 years? Learning how to reason, formulate theories, and discovering scientific knowledge on my own? Uhg. I wish I had known this was going to happen because I would have done something else with my life and then bought this robot and become a scientist overnight. It makes this whole PhD thing seem like a waste of time.
So the question is, does it work?
Just by crunching the numbers -- and without any prior instruction in physics -- the Cornell machine was able to decipher Isaac Newton's laws of motion and other properties.
So, what you are telling me is that this robot was able to derive the Newton Laws from first principles all by itself? What a waste of time those two semesters of physics I took were. I also bet the robot has more personality than a lot of biophysicists I know (babump chhhhhh, I will be here all night).
It seems as though grad. students are about to become obsolete and the tool of the past. I don’t blame the PIs, I would spend the money on a robot that probably does what I do and does a better job of it.

Plus, as my boss would say, “It can’t get pregnant.” I hope they didn’t build this feature in!
It does seem like my job is safe for a little while though.
Lipson does not think robots will make scientists obsolete any day soon, but believes they could take over much of the routine work in research laboratories.
Hopefully by the time I become a PI these things will make everything I do automated and I can sip mixed drinks on the beach somewhere and run my entire lab though my iPhone. Here’s to hoping!
Original article can be found here.
It's Electric!
Face Stimulus Video
I absolutely love when art and science come together. It stimulates (no pun intended) me to figure out ways to combine what I do in lab with my photography (fine, I thought of that line about an hour ago and have been saving it till now). One of these days I am going to come up with a good idea and run with it!
Sheep Art
After attaching LEDs to their herd of sheep, the shepherds use their dogs to herd the sheep at night in specific patterns on a hill side to make amazing images.
You have to watch this to understand/believe me.
Wow. Too much time.
Amazing Science Project
Gerard Marull Paretas, Sergi Saballs Vila, Marta Gasull Morcillo and Jaume Puigmiquel Casamort, four high-school students from IES La Bisbal school in Catalonia built a camera rig and altitude sensor from scratch, attached it to a weather balloon, and monitored it using hand-written code to link it to google earth. They did all of this for a mere 56 pounds or about $80.
So what results did they get? Impressive ones to say the least.

The monitored the balloon to 100,000 feet, when it finally popped due to the difference in pressure and it fell back to Earth. They had to go 10km in order to find the sensors and camera, but everything survived and they got some beautiful images.
Here is a link to their flickr page and a link to their website. Both are in Spanish, but google translate works quite well!
Originally found the story on telegraph.co.uk.
Moebius Transformations
Someone Gets It!
In the wide world of dating, there are many options. Do you go for the flashy guy with the smooth smile, or the dude in the corner typing away on his laptop? The following are reasons why I think my fellow females should pay more attention to the quiet geeks and nerds, and less attention to the flashy boys.
1.) While geeks and nerds may be awkward, they’re well-meaning 9 out of 10 times. That smooth dude with the sly grin and the spider hands? Wonder what HIS intentions are... plus, I’ve never had a geek guy not call me when he said he would. Score major points THERE.
2.) They’re useful. In this tech-savvy world, it’s great to have a b/f who can make your laptop, desktop, and just about anything else that plugs into a wall behave itself.
3.) They’re more romantic than they’re given credit for. Ok true, their idea of romance might be to make up a spiffy web-page with all the reasons why they love you, with links to pics of you and sonnets and such... but hey. It lasts longer than flowers, plus you can show your friends.
4.) Due to their neglected status, there are plenty to choose from. You like ‘em tall and slender? There are plenty of geeks/nerds who are. You like ‘em smaller with more meat on their bones? Got that too.
5.) They’ve got brains. Come on now, how can intelligence be a bad thing?
6.) Most are quite good at remembering dates. Like birthdates and such, especially if they know it’ll make you happy. Due again to their neglected status, they’re more attentive than guys who “have more options”. Plus, with all that down time without a steady girlfriend, they’ll likely have mental lists of all the things they’d love to do once they GOT a girlfriend.
7.) Sex. Yep. Sex. I’m not really familiar with this myself, but I’ve friends who’ve been intimate with geek guys and it’s raves all around. They say a virgin wrote the Kama Sutra... all that time thinking about sex, imagining sex, dreaming about sex, (they are male after all) coupled with a desire to make you happy? Use your imagination.
8.) They’re relatively low-maintenance. Most can be fueled on pizza, Twinkies and Mt Dew. No complicated dinners needed here, so if you’re not the best cook, eh. Can you order a pizza?
9.) Most frequent bars as often as slugs frequent salt mines. You won’t have to worry much about your geek guy getting his “groove” on with club hotties because, frankly, he’ll be too busy rooting around under his computer wondering where that spare cable went. You won’t have to worry about him flirting with other women because, 9 out of 10 times, he’ll zip right by them in a perfect b-line towards the nearest electronics store. I’ve seen this happen.
Me: “Eww. Victoria Secret’s Models... They’re so skinny. How is that feminine? You can see her ribs!”Geek Guy: “ooooooo...”Me: “Hey!” *notices he is staring lustfully towards the computer store*Geek Guy: “What?”Me: “Never mind...”
10.) Although he may not want to go to every outing with you, you can arrange swaps, as in, you’ll go to his Gamer Con dressed as an elf princess if he’ll take you to the ballet. Plus, if he doesn’t want to go someplace with you, you won’t have to worry much about what he’s up to. You’ll probably come home to find him asleep on his keyboard in a sea of Mt. Dew cans with code blinking from the screen. It’s ok. He’s used to this. Just toss a blanket over him and turn out the light.
11.) His friends aren’t jerks. I can’t stress this enough. You’ll more likely get “Omg! A GIRL!! Can I see?!” than “Hey hot stuff back that ass up here and let me get some grub on...” They’re awkward geeks too and will, 9 times out of 10, treat you with the utmost respect and, more than likely, a note of awe. A cute girl picked one of their clan to date? It could happen to them! Hope! Drag some of your single girlfriends over, open up a pack of Mt. Dew, crack open the DnD set and get working. Nothing impresses geek guys more than a girl who can hack-n-slash (well ok maybe if she can code... a geek can dream).
12.) They’re rarely if ever possessive. They trust you, so you can be yourself around them. You like to walk around the house in a ratty t-shirt for comfort? He won’t care. He does too! They won’t get pissy if you don’t wear make-up or don’t want to bother primping your hair. If you gain a few pounds, they won’t try their best to make you feel like crap.
13.) They’re usually very well educated. Physics majors and the like. See #5. You won’t have to listen to him blathering on about his car (ok maybe a little), he’ll have loads of other interesting things to talk about. Politics, world events, how much the chicken burgers down at the local place rock, so long as you douse them in hot sauce...
14.) You’ll almost never have to hear, “Yaw dawg whazzap!!” plop out of their mouths. Unless it’s in jest. They spell properly, use correct punctuation, and are able to tell the difference between the toilet and the floor. They almost never get “wasted”, so you won’t have to worry about coming home to find him and his friends passed out on the floor amidst a pile of beer bottles. Mt. Dew cans, perhaps...
15.) And the final reason why geeks and nerds make great boyfriends: They actually give a damn about you. Not how you look (though that’s a plus), not how skinny you are, not how much make-up you primp yourself up with, but they like you for you. That kind of thing lasts longer than “DaMN baby you got a fine ass!!!” Believe me.
Biophysical Society Meeting: Boston 2009
New Extreme Sport?
Amazing New Water-Powered Jet Pack - Watch more Free Videos
People are wicked smart.
John Sweeney, of Harvard, Massachusetts, was among the many residents of Eastern Mass without power after a big ice storm hit on December 12th. Sweeney, an electrical engineer, saw his Prius as the answer. Using an inverter, he converted the DC power coming out of the car into AC power for his house. Though he couldn't run his entire house one his one car, they were able to get approximately 17 Kilowatt hours of energy. This was enough to power his refrigerator/freezer, television, lights, wood stove fan and accessories for a few days. Although anyone can use a regular DC power supply, like the battery found in a non-Hybrid car, but a hybrid is ideal.
First, the Prius carries a much larger batter pack than a regular car, allowing someone to power more appliances for longer than the conventional AC Delco found in most cars. Second, unlike some backup battery systems found in homes, the Prius, like other cars, can recharge its batteries with its normal internal combustion engine. And here's the best part — because the Prius automatically turns itself on when the batteries drain to a certain level, Sweeney left the car running and it automatically turned over when it needed to recharge — about once every 30 minutes. If you were trying to do what Sweeney did with a non-hybrid, you'd find yourself spending a lot more time outside in the cold. The efficiency of the auto-on feature meant Sweeney only used around five gallons of gas.
Well done sir. Well done.
Oh Christmas tree, Oh Chistmas tree.
Sticky Tape X-rays
The BBC says:
Peeling sticky tape emits X-rays strong enough to scan a human finger, a remarkable experiment has shown.Here is a quick video:
US researchers used a motorised peeling machine to unwind a roll of Scotch tape at a rate of 3cm per second.
By placing their apparatus in a vacuum, they measured X-rays strong enough to X-ray a human digit, according to a report in Nature journal.
It is well known that unwinding sticky tape produces sparks of light that can be seen in the dark by the naked eye.
This phenomenon, known as "triboluminescence", is produced by the friction generated when two surfaces rub against each other.
The study, by Carlos Camara and Juan Escobar, of the University of California, Los Angeles, USA, provides evidence for the phenomenon, which was first observed more than 50 years ago.
Here is a link to the full length video, to the news article, and to the full paper all in Nature.
Breasts or Exercise?
Printer + Water = Awesome Art
Pretty cool, huh?
The LHC Works!
From the CERN Press Release:
Geneva, 10 September 2008. The first beam in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN1 was successfully steered around the full 27 kilometres of the world’s most powerful particle accelerator at 10h28 this morning. This historic event marks a key moment in the transition from over two decades of preparation to a new era of scientific discovery.
“It’s a fantastic moment,” said LHC project leader Lyn Evans, “we can now look forward to a new era of understanding about the origins and evolution of the universe.”
Starting up a major new particle accelerator takes much more than flipping a switch. Thousands of individual elements have to work in harmony, timings have to be synchronized to under a billionth of a second, and beams finer than a human hair have to be brought into head-on collision. Today’s success puts a tick next to the first of those steps, and over the next few weeks, as the LHC’s operators gain experience and confidence with the new machine, the machine’s acceleration systems will be brought into play, and the beams will be brought into collision to allow the research programme to begin.
Once colliding beams have been established, there will be a period of measurement and calibration for the LHC’s four major experiments, and new results could start to appear in around a year. Experiments at the LHC will allow physicists to complete a journey that started with Newton's description of gravity. Gravity acts on mass, but so far science is unable to explain the mechanism that generates mass. Experiments at the LHC will provide the answer. LHC experiments will also try to probe the mysterious dark matter of the universe – visible matter seems to account for just 5% of what must exist, while about a quarter is believed to be dark matter. They will investigate the reason for nature's preference for matter over antimatter, and they will probe matter as it existed at the very beginning of time.
“The LHC is a discovery machine,” said CERN Director General Robert Aymar, “its research programme has the potential to change our view of the Universe profoundly, continuing a tradition of human curiosity that’s as old as mankind itself.”
Tributes have been coming in from laboratories around the world that have contributed to today’s success.
“The completion of the LHC marks the start of a revolution in particle physics,” said Pier Oddone, Director of the US Fermilab. “We commend CERN and its member countries for creating the foundation for many nations to come together in this magnificent enterprise. We appreciate the support that DOE and NSF have provided throughout the LHC's construction. We in the US are proud to have contributed to the accelerator and detectors at the LHC, together with thousands of colleagues around the world with whom we share this quest.”
“I congratulate you on the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider,” said Atsuto Suzuki, Director of Japan’s KEK laboratory, “This is a historical moment.”
“It has been a fascinating and rewarding experience for us,” said Vinod C. Sahni, Director of India’s Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, “I extend our best wishes to CERN for a productive run with the LHC machine in the years to come.”
“As some might say: ‘One short trip for a proton, but one giant leap for mankind!’ TRIUMF, and indeed all of Canada, is delighted to bear witness to this amazing feat,” said Nigel S. Lockyer, Director of Canada’s TRIUMF laboratory. “Everyone has been involved but CERN is to be especially congratulated for bringing the world together to embark on such an incredible adventure.”
In a visit to CERN shortly before the LHC’s start-up United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon said: “I am very honored to visit CERN, an invaluable scientific institution and a shining example what international community can achieve through joint efforts and contribution. I convey my deepest admiration to all the scientists and wish them all the success for their research for peaceful development of scientific progress.”
1 CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is the world's leading laboratory for particle physics. It has its headquarters in Geneva. At present, its Member States are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and UNESCO have Observer status.
Science - Beer = Publications?
A study has come out from Thomas Grim, an ornithologist at Palacky University, Czech Republic, stating that the more beer a scientist drinks, the less publications they will publish.
I am not a big fan of this study.
The New York Times also published an article about this study and I think that Dr. Mike Webster, an ornithologist from the Washington State University has it right. He says,
“Maybe those with poor publication records are drowning their sorrows.”I hope this is the case.
There also appears to be a correlation between IQ and drinking wine vs beer. A Danish study shows that wine drinkers have higher IQs than beer drinkers.
I am okay with this since I enjoy wine and beer. I wonder if that just means I have an average IQ?
Lesson Learned: Don't give thesis proposal to someone going camping.
Needless to say, I am scared to get it back.
It's Called epMotion
Enjoy!
When I was your age...

The World of Chemistry
shake, rattle, and shoot...
I am currently at APS (advanced photon source) shooting crystals with the brightest xray source in the US, except that their currently is a problem with the hutch and we can't open the shutter. This explains why I am updating my blog at 2am Saturday morning. The trip has been pretty good so far...save the wandering goniometer and this little vacuum pressure problem. The best part of the trip, however, has to be the fact that I experienced my first earthquake!
I awoke at around 4:30am by the sensation someone was shaking me, but upon opening my eyes noticed that Chris was still asleep and I was still shaking. This utterly confused me since I am not used to moving back and forth on the x, y plane. Being extremely groggy, I decided that I must be dreaming and immediately went back to bed, thinking that this couldn't have just occurred. As soon as I woke up the next morning I thought of the shaking, which meant that I probably wasn't dreaming because I normally don't remember my dreams. I opened my computer and saw on CNN that indeed, there was a 4.5 richer earthquake with an epicenter around 350 miles away.
drugs + science = this
the description on youtube says:
Directed in 1971 by Robert Alan Weiss for the Department of Chemistry of Stanford University and imprinted with the "free love" aura of the period, this short film continues to be shown in biology class today. It has since spawn a series of similar funny attempts at vulgarizing protein synthesis. Narrated by Paul Berg, 1980 Nobel prize for Chemistry.please listen close to the soundtrack and the narration. it is priceless!
wow!
a scientific explanation for breaking the seal
The point at which you first piss after you have been drinking your favorite alcoholic beverage and at this point you will be pissing every ten minutes.having experienced this phenomenon firsthand I wondered if there was a scientific mechanism behind it.
there is, and interestingly enough, you can train yourself to not urinate so often if you want.
this article is from the ABC of Australia website and deals with "Great Moments in Science." i am not sure why or even how this is great science, but it was interesting none the less.
the article states that
The bladder has a capacity of 500 mL (roughly a small carton of milk). The bladder, like the ureter, has various bands of muscle in its wall – spiral, longitudinal and circular. When the bladder empties, the muscles contract in a specific sequence, starting at the top and working down to the bottom. This wrings virtually all of the urine from the bladder. You get your first urge to pass water with a volume of 150 ml of urine, but usually this can be easily ignored. But it’s harder to ignore the marked sense of fullness that normally happens around 400 mL.converting the volume into beers means that if you have a completely empty bladder and start drinking, you will start to feel as though you could urinate after one half of a beer (150 mL = ~5 fluid ounces) and you really have to go after finishing that first beer (400 mL = ~13.5 fluid ounces).
this seemed quite early to me to have to go to the bathroom, but it made more sense after reading:
The bladder is a hollow organ that is the reservoir for urine. Urine from the kidneys flows at about 1 ml per minute into the bladder, via the ureters. The ureters have walls of muscle arranged in spiral and longitudinal layers. Every 10-60 seconds, waves of synchronized muscle contraction progress down the ureters, pushing urine into the bladder.so it would take 15o minutes for your bladder to fill to the 5 fluid ounce point, and 4o0 minutes to get to the "get out of my way" zone. this makes perfect sense because 150 minutes is 2.5 hours and 400 minutes is 6.66 hours, which means at some point around 3 to 4 hours after drinking you are going to break seal. i have found this fits in with my past experiences.
the article also goes on to point out a key fact
Then you have to sit back and literally hold on. Just like five-year-olds physically clutching their groin when they feel they are busting to do a wee, you have to cross your legs, sit down and distract yourself mentally in an effort to ignore the first desire to pass urine. Wait for it to pass, without rushing to the toilet. The idea is to gradually increase the time between each urination, and retrain your bladder back to registering that it is full only when it is actually holding more than 300 ml. This means you get bladder control back, and the bladder stops wrongly sensing fullness at tiny volumes of urine. For most people, this is enough to shift them back to relatively normal bladder habits, full night sleeps and being able to throw away their maps marked with public toilets.moral of this post...the longer you hold it, the better off the rest of the night will be.
Scientists for Better PCR
If you want to sing along, here are the words:
The PCR SongWonderful...simply wonderful!
There was a time when to amplify DNA,
You had to grow tons and tons of tiny cells.
Then along came a guy named Dr. Kary Mullis,
Said you can amplify in vitro just as well.
Just mix your template with a buffer and some primers,
Nucleotides and polymerases, too.
Denaturing, annealing, and extending.
Well it’s amazing what heating and cooling and heating will do.
PCR, when you need to detect mutations.
PCR, when you need to recombine.
PCR, when you need to find out who the daddy is.
PCR, when you need to solve a crime.
(repeat chorus)
not a fun way to go...
watching DNA die
for these reasons the study of viruses is an important part of science and there has been an amazing breakthrough in the field.
Dr Robert Henderson's group from the University of Cambridge has produced amazing footage of a protective enzyme unraveling the DNA of a virus trying to infect a bacterial host!
the group used a Scanning Atomic Force Microscope to look at the enzyme/dna interaction at the nanoscale level.
Dr Robert Henderson, who led the Cambridge research, explains: “This is the first time that such a process has been seen in real time. To be able see these nano-mechanisms as they are really happening is incredibly exciting. We can actually see the enzyme ‘threading’ through a loop in the virus’s DNA in order to lock on to and break it, a process known as DNA cleavage."
“The microscope and new techniques give us a clear view of the molecular interactions between proteins and DNA that we could only previously interpret indirectly. The indirect methods require scientists to make assumptions to interpret their data, and video footage like this can help to provide a more direct understanding of what is really happening."
the video shows a bacterial type III restriction enzyme binding to the dna and cleaving it before it has time to infect the bacteria and it could be a model for how many other organisms use enzymes to cleave viral dna.
the work has implications beyond the use of novel microscopy since it gives clues on where the enzyme binds to the dna and can be used to look at other dna binding molecules.
read the full paper here.
i don't believe this...but it's funny
therefore i will now state the obvious for all the men out there:
these aren't funny no matter how hard you laugh and how true you find the pictures below, they are lies...propaganda and are not to be taken for the truth (hopefully that saves my ass).
a wonderful proof showing the relationship between women and problems...you can also substitute the root of all evil into equation for and prove that women equal evil.
i love how perfect that definition of a MSDS is and how it relates to women!
The purpose of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is to inform industrial purchasers and users of hazardous chemicals of the reasonably foreseeable physical and chemical hazards that may arise from the use of those chemicals. Most materials packaged for consumer use are exempt from the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). The MSDS should include precautions for normal use, handling, storage, disposal, and spill cleanup.
graphical proof of the man's inability to win an argument...we have all been there
this one had me rolling around...yep one switch for a guy and a lot of knobs for women...not so easy to use or understand.

an time study on how long a a woman stays in her natural habitat vs how long a man will venture into a woman's natural habitat.
i wish i had links back to the sites that these were originally on, but i don't...if you know drop me a comment so i can give appropriate links!
my thoughts exactly

how smart is your job?

It was no surprise that doctors, both MD and PhD, were at the top of the list, but what did surprise me was the limited range of IQ throughout the entire list. the range of IQ (for the 50th percentile) was only between 90 and 120 and if you remove the bottom three and top three occupations it become closer to 94 to 114. now if you think about the fact that the average IQ is 100 it appears that most occupations are within reach for anyone with an IQ of 90 (below average). i only counted 13 of the occupations which did not cover an IQ of 90. I know that these are the bottom of the IQ ranges for the occupation, but what this left me with was the feeling that maybe those workers i take for granted are smarter that i give them credit for.
Science tats

















so the question of the day is what would you get?
Smart teens don’t have sex (or kiss much either), nor do students at MIT
according to a 2000 study of 2,000 adolescents enrolled in the 7th to 12th grades the smarter (or dumber, but that doesn't apply to us, right?) the kid is, the less their chance of having sex is. in summary:
Controlling for age, physical maturity, and mother’s education, a significant curvilinear relationship between intelligence and coital status was demonstrated; adolescents at the upper and lower ends of the intelligence distribution were less likely to have sex. Higher intelligence was also associated with postponement of the initiation of the full range of partnered sexual activities. An expanded model incorporating a variety of control and mediator variables was tested to identify mechanisms by which the relationship operates.as i read the article i started thinking back to other people's high school years (did you really think i was going to tell you about my sexual exploits? if so you need to bring me to bison county and steadily feed me beer.), and i realized that the study is probably correct!Conclusions: Higher intelligence operates as a protective factor against early sexual activity during adolescence, and lower intelligence, to a point, is a risk factor. More systematic investigation of the implications of individual differences in cognitive abilities for sexual activities and of the processes that underlie those activities is warranted.

as you can now see, assuming an IQ of 100 is average, there is a distinct difference between the smart kids and the average kids. there is also an interesting difference between guys and girls.
the authors discuss some interesting conclusions:
Even very “early” behaviors, such as holding hands and kissing, are inversely related to PPVT scores, suggesting that higher intelligence is associated with a generalized delay in the onset of all partnered sexual activities.i also found another discussion of the same topic, which had some other interesting points regarding college aged students, since the first study only went through the 12th grade. This study looked at MIT and Wellesley:
The peak crime rate occurs in the IQ range from 75 to 90; this is approximately the same range in which the probability of having sex is highest in the Add Health sample (using AHPVT scores standardized to an IQ metric). Although many factors influence adolescents’ sexual behavior, just as many factors influence delinquency, it is clear that higher intelligence is a protective factor and lower intelligence, to a point, constitutes a risk factor.
The idea that brighter adolescents postpone holding hands and kissing because they believe that such activity will start them down the path to coitus (and toward the negative consequences that coitus may entail) implies an extremely far-sighted concern with a “slippery slope” that is hard to take seriously.
More intelligent adolescents do evidence a stronger attachment to conventional values and institutions, and higher expectations about goal attainment. For example, they make better grades in school, they have higher expectations about attending college, they believe their parents are more disapproving of sexual activity, they report higher religious attendance, and they are more likely to be involved in structured activities such as school clubs. Each of these factors is also associated with sexual postponement and appears to play a role in the protective effect of intelligence.
Previous analyses on measures of sexual interest, sexual motivation (e.g., masturbation), and conservatism of sexual attitudes from the Biosocial Factors data indicate that higher intelligence is not associated with lesser sexual interest, just with a postponement of acting on that interest.
The inclusion of multiple control and mediator variables yielded no change in the relative odds of having sex among adolescents who score very low on the AHPVT. This suggests that the elements and dynamics of the protection process differ for adolescents who fall at opposite ends of the intelligence distribution.
For males with IQs under 70, 63.3% were still virgins, for those with IQs between 70-90 only 50.2% were virgin, 58.6% were virgins with IQs between 90-110, and 70.3% with IQs over 110 were virgins.
Each additional point of IQ increased the odds of virginity by 2.7% for males and 1.7% for females.
By the age of 19, 80% of US males and 75% of women have lost their virginity, and 87% of college students have had sex. But this number appears to be much lower at elite (i.e. more intelligent) colleges. According to the article, only 56% of Princeton undergraduates have had intercourse. At Harvard 59% of the undergraduates are non-virgins, and at MIT, only a slight majority, 51%, have had intercourse. Further, only 65% of MIT graduate students have had sex.so what does this tell us? first off, brandeis grad students are way more sexually active than MIT's.
The student surveys at MIT and Wellesley also compared virginity by academic major. The chart for Wellesley displayed below shows that 0% of studio art majors were virgins, but 72% of biology majors were virgins, and 83% of biochem and math majors were virgins! Similarly, at MIT 20% of 'humanities' majors were virgins, but 73% of biology majors. (Apparently those most likely to read Darwin are also the least Darwinian!)While still consistent with pregnancy fears and competing interests, lower sex drive seems like a better fit. In fact another revealing finding from the Counterpoint survey was that while 95% of US men and 70% of women masturbate, this number is only 68% of men and 20% of women at MIT!
But lower sex drive and anxiety about sex's consequences can't be the whole story either. Half Sigma also showed that the smartest men in the GSS (approx. IQ >120) were also more likely to visit a prostitute. (Hardly indicative of cautiousness) This may suggest intelligent men are less able to find willing sex partners. Are smart men less attractive to women? Perhaps in some ways. For instance HS found that smart men were less likely to be athletic, and this paper shows, unathletic men and women have fewer sex partners. Athletic men, with more willing sexual partners are also less likely to visit a prostitute. Athletic activity gives men more masculine bodies, which are more attractive to women. A more masculine physique correlates with (PDF) an increased number of sex partners.
So intelligent people have lower libidos and less masculine physiques. What hormone is responsible for both sex drive and masculine builds? That's right: testosterone.
And two new papers suggest that testosterone may depress IQ. One team found that salivary testosterone levels were lower for preadolescent boys with IQs above 130 and below 70. (the same two groups most likely to be virgins in adolescence)
and second off, as a biochemist, with a reputation on the line:
I GO TO BRANDEIS, NOT MIT!
as for the rest of the conclusions, i will let you ponder, so let me know what you think in the comments!
differences
cats

seriously, that is just plain funny. well i hope this is my first and only post relating to cats.
so small and yet so big
KcsA is an extremely well studied protein and this is kind of a learn what electro physiology is all about project for me, to teach me the ways of single channel recording and such. even still i have been thinking about how it works...
the one aspect of a channel that really blows my mind is how small it is and how small the ions are that pass through it. potassium ions are what, 2.2ish angstroms. that is extremely small. it is 220 picometers, 220X10^-12, or 0.00000000022 meters. in other words...they are small.
but the problem i and some people have is what is a picometer? how small is 10^-12 and now big is 10^12? i found these videos one serious one that looks at sizes of things via distance, and one which is a simpson's spoof of the first...maybe it will shed some light on relative sizes, distances, and masses for you as it did me.
Um, I want this kind of Thesis
do you realize how much money she could make with this...i mean it brings a whole new meaning to playing video games!Jennifer Chowdhury attended the interactive telecommunications program at New York University, where her prototypes drew on her engineering training, her artistic aspirations and her sense of humor. Her master's thesis project, Intimate Controllers, is not explicitly sexual -- but it's not something you would use with your sibling, either.
Intimate Controllers is a set of sensors embedded in underwear that direct the action on a video game. Rather than sit separately on the couch and jam fingers against small plastic buttons, players touch each other to control the game.
here is the video of her thesis defense:
anyways hears to a cool thesis, to all those geeks out there who are salivating as you read this, and to any women who wants to play video games!
Global Warming Perks...
if you haven't checked it out already, i highly suggest going to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control [IPCC] website and checking out some of the science behind my above mentioned beliefs.
i do realize that many people don't care about the gory details of the science on the IPCC website, so when i found this picture i thought it would be an easy way to get my point across, while at the same time pointing out a little thought about positive regarding global warming.

so as you can see there has been a distinct "s" curve relating the temperature of the earth and the size of women's lingerie. i [being a scientist] plotted this data to make it easier to see.
using the latest in computer technology, i was able to use molecular modeling software to determine how the underwear has progressed from 1800 through today and thus use this information to determine what size it will have in 2200. as you can see it no longer exists as of 2025.
after an exhaustive study, it was also concluded that the stated results also apply to women's bathing suits as seen in these two photographs used in data collection.
circa 2007and then, just maybe then, you [we] will actually have a chance with a real-life women...YAY!
ORDER OF THE SCIENCE SCOUTS OF EXEMPLARY REPUTE AND ABOVE AVERAGE PHYSIQUE
For the propagation of an ideal where science communicators can meet firstly, for drinks; secondly, for communicating; and ultimately, for networking.and member's are:
seriously, come on, what isn't awesome about any of the above [nerd, yes i know] but the best part of being in the order is the badges!- not opposed to alcohol.
- fond of IPCC reports (especially the pictures).
- mostly in agreement with the “truth.”
- into badges.
- grieving for the slow and miserable death of the Hubble Space Telescope.
- possibly possessed of supernatural powers.
- not in the business of total world domination
- committed to the constant and diligent presentation of science stories, be it to editors, producers, directors, educators, relatives and/or friends of various ilk, in an effort to lessen the gap that is this thing we call public scientific literacy.
The “MacGyver” badge: i have used lab supplies more than once, for uses other than what they should be used for...mostly to escape from meetings with PIs
The “inappropriate nocturnal use of lab equipment in the name of alternative science experimentation / communication” badge: all i have to say is that when you are doing an experiment at 2am some things seem much cooler than they are
The “sexing up science” badge: crossing and prokaryotic conjugation studies, i have done, but science is already sexy enough...isn't it? actually wait...don't answer that.
The “I can be a prick when it comes to science” badge: debate me regarding something i am passionate about...you'll see
The “has frozen stuff just to see what happens” badge (LEVEL II): dry ice freezes stuff so much faster and all i have to say is sublimation
The “has frozen stuff just to see what happens” badge (LEVEL III): liquid nitrogen might be the reason i became a scientist...seriously...no really
The “I work with way too much radioactivity, and yet still no discernable superpowers yet” badge: radioactive uptake assay anyone?
The “I’ve done science with no conceivable practical application” badge: this one depends on your definition of practical, but i worked with humic acid...thats right you have no idea what that is!
The “I know what a tadpole is” badge: yes i do, plus it looks like sperm and i only know how to collect sperm from one other species [sea urchin] so i can get The “knows how to collect semen from more than one species” badge yet.
The “totally digs highly exothermic reactions” badge: i like to blow things up...don't hold that against me
The “I’ve set fire to stuff” badge (LEVEL II): fire is fun to play with and there are rules to how it works [combustion principles]
The “I’ve set fire to stuff” badge (LEVEL III): fire is fun to play with and there are more rules to how it works [thermodynamic principles]
The “I’ve set fire to stuff” badge (LEVEL IV): see the exothermic reaction and medical attention badge
The “what I do for science dictates my having to wash my hands before I use the toilet” badge: i am not touching my stuff with my hands after touching what i was just touchingso there it is...the badges that i am awarding myself!
so to everyone who has ever called me a geek or nerd...yeah i got nothing now...
Ion Channel Glossary
it isn't like i am looking up 'dog' or 'pumpkin.' i have to look up words like 'constant field theory,' 'flicker,' or 'microiontopforesis' and i have come to find that these aren't your normal words. so i decided to be nice and put together a glossary for people so hopefully when they search for one of these obscure words they find this!
so anyways, here we go!
Access resistance: the electrical resistance between the inside of the patch pipette and the inside of the cell during a whole-cell recording. Compromises recordings by introducing a voltage-divider error and slowing the response time of the voltage clamp. Access resistance can be reduced by using larger patch pipettes and can be compensated electronically with the patch clamp amplifier.
Action Potential: the electrical signal, which rapidly propagates along the axon of nerve cells as well as over the surface of some muscle and glandular cells. It is the result of a change in membrane electrical potential, the underlying cause of which is a change in flow of ions across the membrane due to voltage-activated ion channels.
Activation: opening of a channel due to the presence of a gating signal.
Anion: a negatively charged particle.
Anomalous Mole-Fraction Dependence: where conductance or reversal potential goes thru a minimum or maximum as a function of the ratio of ionic concentrations. Calcium ion channels and Calcium-activated potassium channels are well-known examples of ion channels where this occurs.
Axon: highly specialized relatively long extension (process) of a neuron used for conduction of electrical messages (i.e. action potentials). Axons are considerably more specialized and therefore easier to understand than other excitable tissues. They contain the "bare minimum" of ion channels necessary for excitability. Larger vertebrate axons are insulated by myelin.
Block: when ion flow thru an ion channel is prohibited due to a physical obstruction within the pore; and can occur due to another ion, a drug or a toxin. Such molecules, which block ion flow, are known as "blocking agents". "Use-dependent block" or "phasic block" occurs when the drug (toxin, anesthetic, etc) blocks only the open form of the channel.
Cation: a positively charged particle.
Charge: the fundamental property of matter that is responsible for electrical phenomena. Charge (Q) is measured in Coulombs (C). Elementary charge, e = 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs (C)
Conductance: refers to the rate of ion travel thru the channel and is often measured in siemens (S). Ions with high conductances are often said to have binding sites in the channel that are relatively high in free energy compared to an ion with lower conductance (which sticks more tightly to binding sites). Conductance is often designated as current divided by voltage, and since voltage is usually "clamped" in patch clamp experiments, relates directly to current of ions.
Conductivity: the ability of a substance to pass current. For a membrane, the conductivity (Gm) is measured in units of S/cm2 and G=Gm*area. For a cable (e.g. axon or dendrite), the conductivity (G,, for intracellular conductivity) is measured in units of S/cm and G=Gi*length/area (i.e. cross-sectional area).
Constant Field Theory: a theory to describe the permeabilities of membranes to ions. First put forth in the 1940s by Goldman (before ion channels were proven to exist in membranes), it attempts to describe ion movement in terms of simple diffusion thru water-filled "pores" in a membrane. Ions are assumed to move independently of one another and the channel properties. Also called the "independent electrodiffusion model", it has been successful in describing some aspects of ion permeabilities thru certain ion channels. The other major theory used to describe ion channel permeabilities is the "Rate Theory Model".
Current: the rate of charge movement. Current is measured in amperes (A), which is equivalent to coulombs per second (C/s). I = dQ/dt = Coulombs/sec = Amps (A).
Deactivation: closing of a channel due to removal of the gating signal (i.e. the opposite of activation).
Desensitization: closing of a ligand-gated channel despite the presence of a bound activating ligand. For example, glutamate receptors desensitize in the continued presence of glutamate.
Desolvation: where the ion is rehydrated when it moves outward from the ion channel pore into the bulk solution when it exits pore.
Dwell Times: can give information on kinetic processes. The amount of time a channel remains in the closed position. Also used to describe the amount of time an ion spends in an ion channel pore at a particular binding site.
Electro-osmosis: when ions forced to move thru a pore carry with them water molecules. Similar to streaming potential, but just the opposite.
Eyring rate theory: used to help explain what occurs when an ion traverses an ion channel pore. States that relative permeabilities relate to heights of energy barriers (which differ for different ions) and relative conductances relate to depths of the wells (i.e. ion binding sites) in the energy diagram.
Flicker: occurs when molecules other than the ion enter the channel opening and briefly blocks ion conductance. This can be seen on single-channel recordings as squiggly lines during the open time, as well as a lower overall conductance. "Desensitization" is believed to be due to too much ligand, for example acetylcholine and nAChR channels, blocking the channel rather than activating it. For CFTR, NPPB or DPC induces rapid flicker and therefore block pore.
Flux Coupling: a factor, which may reduce the ability of an ion to move thru a pore. It is due to the crowded conditions in the narrow part of the pore. When molecules diffuse within a restricted space, they lose their independence compared to the bulk solvent.
Flux-Ratio Criterion: an important test for whether or not ion channel pores can admit multiple ions at the same time. It was proposed by Ussing in 1949 and can be used to reveal flux coupling. A tracer ion is needed to measure the unidirectional flux across a membrane from both sides.
Gating: process by which ion channels open and close their pores. Some, such as voltage-gated ion channels, open and close depending on the electrical potential of the cell membrane. Others depend on such factors as cell volume, intracellular metabolic state (ATP concentration, etc), intracellular ligand and/or second messenger presence (Calcium, cyclic AMP due to light, etc), and extracellular ligands (neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, GABA). It always involves a change in the shape of the protein (called "allosterism").
Gating current: a current resulting when charged residues within an ion channel protein move through the electric field. In voltage-gated channels, a change in membrane potential causes the protein to move; this movement gives rise to the gating current.
Hodgkin-Huxley Model: developed by work with the squid giant axon, it was the first model to describe the ionic basis of excitation correctly. It had the effect of revolutionizing electrophysiology.
Inactivation: closing of a channel in the continued presence of the gating signal. The term "inactivation" is usually only applied to voltage-gated channels, whereas "desensitization" describes the analogous process for ligand-gated channels.
Kinetics: as applied to ion channels kinetics usually encompasses the study of rate of change ion channels undergo during gating, ion passage, etc. Kinetics is often used in order to uncover specific "mechanisms" channels undergo when changing from one state to another and to explain the phenomena of gating, "jumps", "bursts", "transition times", sub-conductance modes, ligand interactions, etc. Complex mathematical treatments involving the kinetics of ion channels have been undertaken in order to gain insight into how ion channels accomplish this.
Markov model: a probabilistic process over a finite set of states, often used to described channel behavior. Transitions between states are determined by rate constants. A zero-order Markov process has no memory; a first-order Markov process has a memory of one step, i.e., the possible states that a channel can occupy at time t depends on which state it was in at time t-1.
Membrane Potential: the inside potential minus the outside potential. The outside of the cell is often considered to be at ground potential (0 mV).
Microiontophoresis: where, during patch clamping of receptor ion channels such as nAChR, agonist is electrophoresed locally thru the microelectrode where it binds and activates the receptor.
Modulation: anything, which changes or modifies gating can cause "modulation". These can include ligand binding to the channel, post-translational modifications like phosphorylation, or changes in the process itself." Certain neurotransmitters such as GABA, serotonin, nitric oxide, and others can modulate ion channels indirectly by binding to other sites on cell membrane. They do this by influencing GPCRs. By changing the internal ion melieu of the cytoplasm, changes in the cell itself can take place. Fatty acids have been shown to bind directly to ion channels and modulate them.
Multi-Ion Pore: when an ion channel's pore is able to conduct more than one ion at a time. CFTR is believed to by one because of the presence of anomalous mole fraction effects in mixtures of chloride and SCN-.
Ohm's law: describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, V=IR or R = V/I = Ohms (Ω); I = g V or g = I/V = Siemens (S).
Open State Probability (Po): the amount of time an ion channel is in the open configuration.
Permeability: describes how fast ions are able to move thru an ion channel (the rate of movement). The "depth" of the energy well for a particular ion generally determines it's permeability, or conductance. However, if an energy well is too deep, it can slow down the ion's rate of travel. Note: all binding sites for an ion in a channel have energy wells specific to the interaction that takes place.
Pore: part of ion channel, which forms path ions use to move from one side of membrane to other. Often lined with some hydrophilic amino acids. Sometimes filled with water. Pore lengths have been inferred for some ion channels by blocking the pore during conduction experiments using blocking agents with long spacer arms. CFTR's pore is estimated to be around 5.8A at its narrowest point. Narrow pores will necessitate removal of some or all of an ions hydration shell before allowing passage.
Potential Difference: the same as voltage. Another definition is the difference in potential energy experienced by a charged particle in two locations (the work required to move a charge from point A to B). Potential difference (E) is measured in volts (V). E = Joules/Coulomb = Volts (V).
Rate Theory Model: used to describe ion movement thru ion channels by considering ions not in terms of passive diffusion (i.e. electrodiffusion model) but as being able to bind to specific sites within the ion channel. The Rate Theory is an attempt to apply reaction rate theory developed by Eyring for enzymes to ion channels in hopes of gaining insight into particular mechanisms of ion conduction. The ultimate description of ion movement using this theory would involve use of "molecular dynamics simulations" in silico.
Rectification (of channels): characteristic of an ion channel, generally independent of gating, that biases the preferred direction of current flow to either the inward or outward direction. Rectification can be due to an intrinsic property of the channel or be conferred by voltage-dependent block by an extrinsic agent. For example, the relatively high concentration of K+ ions inside a cell can cause outward rectification of some K+ channels, because more K+ ions are available to carry outward current than the number available to carry inward current. This is called GHK rectification. Another type of rectification is caused by polyamines. These charged molecules are only present inside cells and at depolarized potentials they move into the pore of some voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, thus limiting outward current (i.e. inward rectification). These factors cause the channel conductance to be voltage dependent, thus resulting in rectification.
Relative Conductance: when the conductance for a substitute ion relative to that of a standard ion is determined.
Relative Permeabilities: reflect the ability of an ion channel protein to pull an ion from solution into the "capture volume" within the pore vestibule. It may therefore be highly dependent on hydration energy. Some permeability sequences reflect low-affinity ion-pore interactions (ex: I>Br>Cl>F). The reverse sequence often indicates a high affinity interaction. CFTR has a more complex sequence, which indicates a combination of both low and high field strength interactions (Br>Cl>I>F). For most anions, the relative permeability is determined by the relative hydration energies of the ions.
Resistance: the inverse of conductance. That is, the ability of something to impede current. Resistance (R) is measured in Ohms (Ω).
Resistivity: the inverse of conductivity. Membrane resistivity (Rm) has units of resistivity (Ri) has units of Ωcm.
Reversal Potentials: often abbreviated E(rev). For CFTR (and other anion channels), it is the amount of negative membrane potential needed to be applied to reverse the flow of chloride when the concentration is at standard conditions. For CFTR this value is -30.31 mV. For example, if a particular anion requires a more negative E(rev) than for chloride then it may either permeate or conduct better than chloride depending on which is being determined, permeability (uses Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation) or conductance.
Selectivity: used to describe the variability in rate of movement of different ions thru the same ion channel. The "height" of the energy barrier of an ion channel's selectivity filter will help determine ion it let thru. Often, the term selectivity is not properly defined and can refer to either of the two processes of permeability or conduction. The distinction should always be made.
Selectivity Filter: a distinct part of an ion channel involved in selecting the type of ion it lets thru. First described by Hille in 1971, it is thought to be situated in the narrowest part of the pore, because this is the part of the channel where the protein and ion would presumably interact the most.
Siemens: a measurement of current conductance (often abbreviated "G") thru ion channels and is abbreviated "S". Is equal to the ratio of current (measured in amps) divided by voltage (measured in volts; note: this comes from ohm's law). It also equals 1/R. One picosiemen equals 10^-12 siemens and is convenient to use for ion channels. For example, the ion channel gramicidin has a conductance of 30 pS for cations. This is equivalent to 6.28 X 10^6 ions per second per applied volt of conductance of cations thru the pore when the concentration of cations is equal on both sides of the membrane.
Single-channel Conductance: a measure of the current that flows thru an open channel in response to a given electrochemical driving force.
Solvation: occurs at the mouth of the pore. During ion permeation, where ion is partially or fully dehydrated and therefore stabilized by interactions with the pore wall.
Streaming Potential: a measurement of ion channel permeability to water molecules. Osmotic gradients are set up and membrane potential simultaneously measured while changing potential. Used to predict water to ion ratios. When water is forced to flow thru a pore by setting up osmotic or hydrostatic pressure differences, they may drag the ions as well. This creates an electric potential difference called the streaming potential.
Subconductance: when conductance is less than what is usually seen. Probably due to subtleties in kinetics of gating and are yet not fully understood. For example, GABA(A) and glycine receptor ion channels appear to have multiple subconductance levels and it is therefore believed that direct transitions between the states can be reached from the closed state. It is believed by some that all channels have subconductance levels, but most are not as obvious as in GABA(A) and glycine receptors.
Tail current: current that flows during the repolarizing phase of an action potential or voltage command. K+ tail currents can be used to determine the reversal potential of voltage-gated K+ currents. In a physiological context, tail currents are often carried by Ca2+ ions and result from the increased driving force as the action potential repolarizes.
Translocation: describes the process of ion transit thru the channel. It is highly dependent upon the driving force for anion permeation and reflects the strength of interaction between the anion and each binding site. More tightly binding ions have a reduced rate of current flow (conductance) due to longer dwell times at any of several possible binding sites within the pore.
Valence: a term to describe the charge of a particle. Na+ and Ca++ have positive valence, while Cl- has negative valence. Moreover, Na+ is monovalent, and Ca++ is divalent. In the Nernst equation and the GHK voltage equation, valence is represented by the variable z.
Voltage: the force created on a charge caused by the separation of charge. Voltage (F) is measured in volts (V). Voltage is equivalent to potential difference.
Voltage-Clamping: a procedure used during study of ion channels, which has the effect of keeping the voltage, produced on a membrane (due ion movement) unchanged. Allows the experimenter to measure only current produced by the ion movement thru the channel. Requires use of a second electrode to measure cell potential. Allows a direct measurement of ionic current across a membrane. This in turn allowed ion channel "kinetic" studies to begin.
i did use two websites a lot so here are the links to the original sites: CFTR Review Page and the Brown University Wiki.
6 freaking months...so sad right now...
needless to say i am extremely depressed with his results.
so this means that in my 5years of graduate school career [i hope?] about 3 months will be the actual work that gets me my PhD, awesome, freaking awesome...
Several years back, myself and some colleagues (all in the molecular biology genre) had a discussion about this over some drinks. Specifically, we tried to calculate how long our doctorates would have actually taken, if we assumed that all the experiments we did in our theses worked right off the bat. Always with the first time success, reproducible results in triplicate no problemo, no troubleshooting required, or literally, a case where we had "magic fingers" for the entire length of our graduate career.
And so, if we assumed that taking courses was not factored in, and that we would have about 3 months to actually write up the damn thing, we all agreed that our Ph.D. would have taken somewhere in the 6 month range to complete. 6 freakin' months!
Anyway, in the end, I took just over 5 years, which means for the 3 months or so of "thesis bound" results, there also existed about 54 months of "non-thesis" bound results. And that is like a 5% success rate - which ultimately means that, really, you just have to work one day every three or so weeks, and as long as you pick the right day, you'll still get your degree in the normal length of time.
i love how in science this is completely accepted...can you imagine another career in which a 5% success rate is allowed?
"i am sorry we only deliver 5% of babies successfully."
"i am sorry i only win 5% of my cases."
"i am sorry i only make 5% of my customer's meals."
"i am sorry only 5% of my products work."
"i am sorry only 5% of my buildings stay standing."
"i am sorry only 5% of my students graduate."
oh science, i don't know if this is why i love thee or hate thee...well actually it depends if it is a "magic fingers" day or not!
well here's to 54 months of crap intertwined with 3 months of genius...yay grad school!
academia and industry; what about the grad students
Samuel brings up some interesting points such as the key differences between the two cultures:
In the academic world, there is a traditional rule; for career advancement (to obtain tenure and receive full professorship), one has to secure research grants and publish papers. Thus, the old saying “publish or perish” is a reality...In contrast, for pharmaceutical industry, the vital thing is the new-drug application to the FDA. A journal article is worth nothing without the FDA approval. However, publication in prestigious journals along with FDA approval is just like icing on the cake that would influence physicians to prescribe the company’s product. (Bodenheimer, 2000)he also talks about disclosure, conflict of interest, and the "JAMA Fiasco:"
The lead author — Lee Cohen, director of Massachusetts General Hospital’s Center for Women’s Mental Health, is a consultant to three antidepressant manufacturers, a paid speaker for seven of them and has his research work funded by four drug makers. None of those ties were reported in the study. Dr Cohen and his colleagues maintained that it was not relevant to disclose their ties with industry in the paper in part because the study was funded by the government, not drug maker (Armstrong, 2006). Such incidents ruin the academia’s reputation as independent truth seeker and reduce public trust in research. Henceforth, more often questions will be raised on integrity of research, researchers and science journals.one key point regarding the fusion of industry and academia that Samuel doesn't talk about is the rock and the hard place that graduate students can be put in.
for example, if there is a discovery by a graduate student, which greatly benefits the company that is funding the work, the company will most likely not want the data published, for then it becomes part of the public domain and more importantly available to competitors. the PI might have signed a contract before the work was started, stating that the work will not be published for three years if the company feels that it has future implications for monetary gain, but what about the grad student?
this poor student busted their ass trying to get results just to have them withheld from being published because industry funded their work. since in most grad programs publications are what get you out faster and determine where you get a post doc or job after finishing your PhD this student's career may be damaged before it begins since their current and any future work on this project is no longer publishable. never mind the fact that three years is half of the time you are in grad school and about three quarters of the time you are actually working on your thesis project.
in the simplest terms, the grad student is being punished for doing good science.
i do understand the monetary crunch and how funding via industry can be beneficial to both the PI and the company, but i plead with the PIs out there, who do accept funding from industry, to think about your grad students and make sure that if you put someone on an industry based project, that it will be amicable to their career as well as yours.
It's Miller Time
i have joined Chris Miller's Laboratory of Horrors [Chris if you read this i am just kidding don't take it out of me...please?!]. Chris is a HHMI Investigator and was recently [yesterday] elected into the National Academy of Sciences. his work focuses on the basic mechanisms by which ion channels and pumps work along with the workings of other membrane transport proteins. much of Chris' work focuses mostly on CLC type Cl- channels and pumps.
needless to say i am extraordinarily exited about joining Chris' lab because i have a feeling that if he doesn't kill me, i will be a much stronger scientist in the end [and yes there is a distinct possibility of being killed].
for the next week i am mentally preparing myself to be the lowly new graduate student in the lab because i have a feeling that as a roton i was cut some slack, but now as a full fledged member of the lab i am going to have no slack being cut. i am ready to be destroyed.
Chris can rebuild me. he has the technology. he has the capability to build the world's first bionic scientist. kene piasta will be that scientist. better than he was before. better, stronger, faster.
the scientist's best friend
the fight usually begins with a pubmed search, at which time pubmed decides that there is no paper, in the 17million papers it has indexed, that fit my criteria, even though i know it was just published in biochemistry, nature, or science. once i find the paper of interest i have to follow a link to another site, which, if it is nice, recognizes i am a Brandeis university grad student and allows me to download the pdf.
at this point i have already taken a right hook followed by an uppercut to the jaw, but at least i am still standing.
so now i must figure out what pdf i just downloaded since the different places from which you are allowed to download all use a different, nonsensical naming pattern. some of my favorites are the random numbers, the name of the website from which you are downloading, or the random sequence of letters and numbers.
so now the literature is just baiting me for the "finish him" move when it rips my head off and throws it at my body causing both to explode.
finally i determine which pdf i want open and print it...my head is flying towards my body in slow motion.
there must be a better way...
i was just wandering around the web when i found this website: http://mekentosj.com/. i already had some of their software (enzymeX and 4peaks), but i noticed that they also had a new program up.
PAPERS!!!
this software is amazing! here is the blurb on the site:
Do you have dozens of PDF files from your favorite scientific articles scattered on your harddrive? Do you also try to desperately organize them by renaming and archiving them in folders? But like the piles of printed articles on your desk, you can't keep up with all the new papers you download, and despite all your efforts it has become impossible to find that one article.
Finally that all belongs to the past. We've been there, trust us, we know. That's why we wrote Papers, our latest application exclusively for the Mac. Papers will revolutionize the way you deal with scientific papers. Search for papers using PubMed, directly retrieve and archive PDFs, and read and study them all from within Papers, your personal library of Science.
so here are my favorite features:- creates an organized folder in my documents with all of the papers organized into folders by year, then into folders of first author, then renames the pdf via journal name_first author_year.pdf
- did i mention it does this automatically
- look up papers already downloaded and fixes their information and then does the aforementioned
- has a built in pubmed search
- built in web-browser
- full screen pdf mode which i might be able to read a pdf on my computer rather than killing thousands of trees
- one place to go for all my paper needs
for all you windows people out there sorry...not for you...mac only!
so now that i have the power of papers you might be wondering what happend in my fight! well lets just be thankful that my head is coming at me in slow motion, otherwise i might not have had time to download, install, and learn to use papers, but since i did; i caught my head, sutured it on, and punched the literature in the face.
this did not bode so well for me since it just called its friends magazines and newspapers and proceeded to beat me into next year.
Hear this literature...i will be ready for you!!!
in about 4.5 years!
science is pretty

Image Link
so it looks just like any flower right? what if i told you that it is about one thousandth of a piece of your hair?
I mean we are all made of proteins, but not many people know what a protein looks like:
so you are probably thinking, "so what Kene why does this matter?" the answer is that it doesn't i just think it is interesting and an unknown facet of science that i wanted to share!


















